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Beta-actin Loading Control
Beta-Actin Protein
Beta-actin, also known as a "housekeeping" protein, is usually used as a loading control , for among others, the integrity of cells, protein degradation, in PCR and Western blotting. Loading controls are essential for proper interpretation of western blots. They can be used to normalize the levels of protein detected by confirming that protein loading is the same across the gel. Beta-actin is an isform of actin proteins. Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in cell motility, structure, and integrity. There are six different but highly conserved actin isoforms in vertebrates. Four of these isoforms are expressed primarily in striated and smooth muscle cells, whereas beta-actin and gamma-actin isoforms are ubiquitously expressed. Conserved from birds to mammals, beta-actin and gamma-actin differ at only four biochemically similar amino acid residues. These amino acid differences confer different biochemical properties between the two isoforms. Beta-actin is a major constituent of the contractile apparatus.
Beta-Actin Western Blot
Beta-actin, is usually used as a loading control for Western Blot to normalize the levels of protein detected by confirming that protein loading is the same across the gel. OriGene offers high quality quality of Anti-beta actin mouse mAb (Loading control) for Western Blot. View All beta-actin loading contorl antibodies.
Beta-Actin Gene
The official symbol of beta-actin gene is ACTB (provided by HGNC). It is also known as BRWS1 or PS1TP5BP1.This gene encodes one of six different actin proteins. Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in cell motility, structure, and integrity. This actin is a major constituent of the contractile apparatus and one of the two nonmuscle cytoskeletal actins.
Beta-Actin Molecular Weight
The molecular weight (MW) of beta-actin is approximately 42 kD.
Beta-Actin and Diseases
Beta-actin variant is necessary for Enterovirus 71 replication. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the main
etiological
agents of the Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) and has been known to cause fatal neurological complications
such
as herpangina, aseptic meningitis, poliomyelitis-like paralysis and encephalitis. EV71 is endemic in the
Asia-Pacific region and causes occasional epidemics.Significant differences have been found in the beta-actin
variants between the EV71-susceptible RD cells and EV71-resistant RD cells, suggesting that beta-actin, in
association with other proteins such as annexin 2 is required in vesicular transport of EV71.
Recurrent mutations in this gene have been associated to cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Actins are
highly
conserved proteins of the cytoskeleton and are involved in B lymphocyte activation. By using the xvar algorithm
(based on evolutionary conservation and the nature of the observed amino acid change), the predicted functional
consequence of the ACTB mutations observed in DLBCL is high. A preponderance of ACTB mutations was also noted
toward
the amino terminus of the protein, but the functional significance of this remains unknown.
Beta-Actin References
1. Hanukoglu I, Tanese N, Fuchs E (February 1983). "Complementary DNA sequence of a human cytoplasmic actin. Interspecies divergence of 3' non-coding regions". J. Mol. Biol. 163 (4): 673-8. PMID: 6842590
2. "Entrez Gene:ACTB actin, beta".
3. Lohr JG, Stojanov P, Lawrence MS, Auclair D, Chapuy B, Sougnez C, Cruz-Gordillo P, Knoechel B, Asmann YW, Slager SL, Novak AJ, Dogan A, Ansell SM, Link BK, Zou L, Gould J, Saksena G, Stransky N, Rangel-Escare?o C, Fernandez-Lopez JC, Hidalgo-Miranda A, Melendez-Zajgla J, Hern?ndez-Lemus E, Schwarz-Cruz y Celis A, Imaz-Rosshandler I, Ojesina AI, Jung J, Pedamallu CS, Lander ES, Habermann TM, Cerhan JR, Shipp MA, Getz G, Golub TR (March 2012). "Discovery and prioritization of somatic mutations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) by whole-exome sequencing". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109 (10): 3879-84.. PMID:22343534
4. Lui YL, Lin Z, Lee JJ, Chow VT, Poh CL, Tan EL. (2013 Apr) "Beta-actin variant is necessary for Enterovirus 71 replication." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 433(4):607-10. PMID: 23535377