Liver Diseases

Hepatitis Image

Liver diseases can be acquired and inherited. In either case, the stages through which a liver disease progresses is quite similar which includes inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and end-state liver disease. If detected in the earlier stages, the prognosis is good but in later stages starting from cirrhosis, it can be life threatening. The key is to detect and treat liver diseases early.

hepatitis image

Hepatitis: It is inflammation of liver mostly caused by viruses including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C. Other causes include drug, alcohol abuse, and autoimmune reactions.

AFP F2 FAS FGL2 GGT1 GPT HFE HSD17B13* IFNA1 IFNA2 SERPINA1
Hepatitis image

Alcholic Hepatitis: Alcoholic Hepatitis is inflammation of liver due to alcohol abuse. In addition to F2, a coagulation factor II, ERK signaling and PEDF induced signaling are the two key pathways involved.

ALB CXCL8 GGT1 F2* GPT GSTM1 HSD17B13* TNF ICAM1 KRT18 LBP
NAFLD image

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): It is a buildup of excessive fat in the liver that can lead to liver damage resembling the damage caused by alcohol abuse, but that occurs in people who do not drink heavily. There is a general consensus that NAFLD contributes to a number of liver cirrhosis cases and individuals with NAFLD have increased risk for hepatocellular cancer. NAFLD and cirrhosis together forms a group of condition called metabolic syndrome.

HSD17B13* MIR10B* MIR122* MIR140 MIR21 MIR22 MIR34A MSR1 PNPLA3
NASH image

Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH): NASH, a silent liver disease, is characterized by accumulation of fat in liver along with inflammation and structural damage. Presence of fibrosis is variable. Key pathways involved in NASH include the respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis coupling, and common cytokine receptor gamma chain family of signaling pathways.

HSD17B13* GGT1 GPT IL6 INS* PON1 PPARA PPARG PTEN SLC17A5 TNF
Liver Cirrhosi image

Liver Cirrhosis: It is a late stage of liver damage characterized by replaced of normal liver tissue by scar tissue. Genetic defects in addition to viral infections and chronic alcohol abuse are frequent causes.

FARSB* GAS5 GPT HOTAIR HSD17B13* KRT18 KRT8 MALAT1 MEG3
HCC image

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): HCC, a cancer of liver, is one of the human neoplasms associated with viral factors. Studies have shown that genetic and epigenetic changes occur after exposure to alcohol or aflatoxin B1 or HBV/HCV infection. Key pathways involved in HCC include chromatic remodeling, oxidative stress pathways, cell cycle regulation, Wnt/bet-catenin pathway, PIK-AK pathway, and telomere maintenance pathways.

APC ARID1A ARID2 AXIN1 CASP8 CTNNB1 IGF2R MET MIR23B MIR34A PDGFRL PIK3CA TERT TP53
AIH image

Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH): AIH, a chronic liver inflammation disorder with unclear etiology, may be a result of an altered immune system, a genetic predisposition or environmental conditions. The defective immune system induces t-cell mediated attack on liver antigens, leading to necro-inflammation and liver damage.

AIRE CTLA4 CYP2D6 DLAT F2 FTCD GGT1 GOLM1 GPT SEPSECS
Cholestasis image

Cholestasis: It is a disease caused by obstruction of bile duct. The key gene associated with Cholestasis is USP53 and the key pathways include bile acid synthesis and NRF2 pathway.

ABCB11 ABCB4 ATP8B1 HSD3B7 NR1H4 SLC25A13 TJP2 USP53* VIPAS39 VPS33B

References

'*' indicates key genes

References